Mongolian Nomadic Culture | Traditions, Customs & Etiquette

Step into the world of Mongolian nomads and discover the timeless traditions that define this ancient way of life.

February 16, 2024

Mongolia, a land of endless skies and untamed landscapes, is as much defined by its geography as it is by the people who traverse its vast steppes. At the heart of this majestic land lies a culture steeped in tradition, resilience, and a profound connection to the natural world—the nomads.

For centuries, they have roamed the expansive plains, their lives rhythmically aligned with the cycles of the earth and the needs of their livestock.

The Mongolian nomads are custodians of a lifestyle that has been passed down through generations, a way of life that embodies simplicity, sustainability, and a deep respect for the environment. This migratory lifestyle is not just a matter of survival; it is a choice that reflects a philosophical and almost spiritual reverence for the natural world.

In Mongolia, the vast sky is more than just a canopy; it is a symbol of freedom and the infinite possibilities that lie in the open plains. The land, with its rugged mountains, rolling grasslands, and desert expanses, is a member of the nomad’s extended family, revered, respected, and deeply loved.

The bond between the Mongolian nomads and their environment is a powerful reminder of the interconnectedness of all living things. And as the world changes, the Mongolian nomads stand as guardians of an ancient way of life that offers profound insights into living in balance with nature.

Let’s get to know this amazing culture more, shall we?

Cultural Concepts in Mongolia

Hoimor

Hoimor embodies a profound connection to the land. For the Mongolian nomads, hoimor is a sacred landscape that sustains their way of life, culture, and traditions.

This concept reflects the nomadic understanding of belonging, where attachment to place is defined not by boundaries or ownership but by a sense of stewardship and harmony with the environment. The land within one’s hoimor is cared for and respected, a responsibility passed down through generations.

It is seen as a source of life, providing pasture for livestock, water, and shelter, all of which are essential for the survival and well-being of the community.

Nom

Nom transcends its direct translation of “book”, embodying a broader reverence for knowledge, wisdom, and the continuity of cultural and spiritual traditions.

Historically, Nom encapsulated the essence of learning, encompassing not only religious texts but also the vast array of secular knowledge, from history and poetry to medicine and astronomy. The introduction of the Tibetan script to Mongolia, adapted to create the classical Mongolian script, was a significant milestone that enabled the flourishing of literature in the Mongolian steppes.

In the nomadic lifestyle, where the physical possessions are few, and the connection with the land and animals is paramount, Nom represents the spiritual and intellectual wealth of the people. It signifies the respect for intellectual achievements and the understanding that knowledge, once acquired, is a treasure that enriches not only the individual but also the community at large.

Ger

The ger, often referred to as a yurt in the West, stands as a the quintissential icon of Mongolian culture.

This traditional dwelling, with its circular shape and adaptable structure, is perfectly suited to the demands of life on the vast Mongolian steppes.

The ger is greatly designed for mobility. Its wooden frame, covered in layers of felt made from sheep’s wool, can be assembled or dismantled within hours, allowing nomadic families to move in sync with the seasons and the needs of their livestock.

The circular shape is not just practical, offering resistance to the harsh winds of the steppe, but also holds spiritual significance, symbolizing the wholeness of life and the universe.

The central fireplace, which serves both for cooking and heating, is the heart of the ger, around which family life revolves.

The smoke from the fire escapes through a central opening at the top, the toono, which also lets in light, symbolizing the connection between the earth and the sky. This opening is covered by a canvas that can be adjusted to control ventilation and protect against the elements.

The interior of the ger is arranged according to traditional customs that reflect the Mongolian worldview. The door always faces south, welcoming the sun’s warmth.

Inside, the space is divided into sections with specific purposes and even more symbolic meanings. The western side is typically reserved for men and houses saddles, bridles, and other equipment, reflecting the importance of horses in Mongolian culture. The eastern side, considered more auspicious, is designated for women, children, and the storage of dairy products and household items.

Buddhist and family altars are placed in the northern section of the ger, furthest from the door, creating a space for spiritual practices. This arrangement underscores the ger’s role as a microcosm of the Mongolian universe, balancing the practical aspects of daily life with deeper cultural and spiritual values.

Ail

Ail refers to a group of gers belonging to several families who live in close proximity, often related or connected through marriage, forming a small community that shares resources, labor, and knowledge.

It’s a system that promotes cooperation and mutual assistance, essential in the vast and often harsh Mongolian landscape. This communal living arrangement ensures that no family has to face the challenges of nomadic life alone. Whether it’s moving gers to new pastures, herding livestock, or coping with the extreme weather, the Ail works together, embodying the principle of strength in unity.

Socially, the Ail serves as the primary nexus of interaction, where traditions are passed down and stories are shared. It’s within this community that children learn the ways of their ancestors, from herding and horsemanship to the intricate patterns of social etiquette that govern Mongolian society.

The Ail thus becomes a living repository of Mongolian culture, safeguarding and perpetuating the nomadic way of life.

What is the Religion in Mongolia?

The primary religions practiced in Mongolia include Tibetan Buddhism, Tengerism, and Shamanism, often in a syncretic approach, each contributing to the spiritual landscape of Mongolia in unique ways.

Tibetan Buddhism: Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana Buddhism) is the predominant religion in Mongolia, having been introduced in the 13th century during the reign of Kublai Khan but becoming widely practiced from the 16th century onwards. It experienced a significant revival after the democratization of Mongolia in 1990, following decades of religious suppression under the Soviet-influenced communist regime. Monasteries, such as the Gandantegchinlen Monastery in Ulaanbaatar and Erdene Zuu in Karakorum, are particularly noteworthy.

Tengerism: Tengerism, an ancient shamanistic and animistic belief system, predates Buddhism’s introduction in Mongolia and continues to influence Mongolian spirituality. It centers around the worship of the “eternal blue sky” (Tenger) and the earth (Eje). Tengerism embodies the belief in a world inhabited by spirits of ancestors, animals, and natural elements, all of which are considered interconnected.
Shamanism: Shamanism in Mongolia is closely related to Tengerism but has its distinct practices. Shamans, recognized by their elaborate costumes and ritualistic drumming, play a crucial role in community life, offering healing, divination, and protection against negative spirits. Shamanic rituals often involve trance states, where the shaman communicates with the spirit world to seek assistance.

What are the Traditions in Mongolia?

Naadam

The Three Manly Games, known as “Naadam”, constitute a vital part of Mongolia’s cultural heritage. While Naadam is a festival celebrated widely across the country in July, the games themselves—wrestling, horse racing, and archery—are deeply ingrained in Mongolian tradition, reflecting the valor, skill, and endurance of the Mongolian people. These are:

Wrestling: Mongolian wrestling, or “Bokh,” is a test of strength, technique, and agility, with no weight classes, allowing for David vs. Goliath matchups. The goal is to make any part of your opponent’s body above the knee touch the ground. Wrestlers wear specific attire, including a zodog (an open-fronted jacket), shuudag (shorts), and gutal (boots), which have cultural significance. The elaborate pre- and post-match rituals, such as the eagle dance (Devekh), mimic the movements of powerful animals, celebrating the wrestlers’ strength and connecting them to the natural world.
Horse Racing: Unlike Western horse racing, Mongolian horse racing takes place over long distances, ranging from 15 to 30 km (9 – 18 mi), across natural terrain. Children from the ages of 5 to 13 are the jockeys, showcasing their remarkable horsemanship skills developed from an early age. The races are a celebration of the Mongolian horse, a breed known for its stamina, speed, and intelligence, and deeply revered in Mongolian culture. The connection between the horse and rider, and the bond with the vast Mongolian landscape, are central to this tradition.
Archery: Archery in Mongolia dates back to the times of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire, where it was a crucial skill for warriors. Traditional Mongolian archery involves shooting arrows at targets made of braided leather strips from a distance. Both men and women participate, wearing traditional clothing and using composite bows. The competition is accompanied by traditional songs and chants, which encourage the archers and celebrate their skill.

Horses

In Mongolia, the horse transcends its role as a mere animal to become a central figure in the nation’s soul and identity. I mean, during our trip there we were fortunate to have witnessed the birth of a baby horse which was an extremely auspicious event. Our driver literally sat on its back which was said to bring good luck for your whole life!

This profound relationship goes back centuries, embedding itself in every aspect of Mongolian life, culture, and spirituality. Horses are not just revered as symbols of speed, strength, and freedom; they are considered sacred, embodiments of the ancestors’ spirits, and essential partners in the nomadic lifestyle that defines Mongolia.

From a very young age, Mongolian children are taught to ride, often before they fully master walking. This early introduction fosters a deep bond between the horse and rider, one that is built on mutual respect and understanding.

Horsemanship is seen as an invaluable skill, integral to the Mongolian way of life, ensuring that each generation maintains the traditions and practices that have allowed their culture to thrive in harmony with the vast, untamed landscapes of the steppes.

Falconry

Falconry, known locally as berkutchi, is a revered tradition that extends far beyond a hunting practice; it’s a cultural heritage that symbolizes the deep connection between humans and the natural world.

Rooted in the nomadic lifestyle, falconry is practiced primarily in the western regions of Mongolia, where the Kazakh minority, renowned for their exceptional skills as falconers, have kept this ancient art alive for generations.

Mongolian falconry involves the training of golden eagles to hunt small game, such as hares and foxes. This practice is not just about the act of hunting but is imbued with a sense of partnership and respect between the eagle and its handler.

The eagles, captured at a young age or born into captivity, are treated with a profound level of care and reverence. The bond formed between the falconer and the eagle is central to the success of the hunt, reflecting a relationship built on trust, understanding, and mutual respect.

The training of these majestic birds requires immense patience, skill, and knowledge, passed down from one generation to the next. Falconers must learn to read their eagles’ moods, needs, and signals, communicating through a language shaped by centuries of tradition.

The release of the eagle during a hunt is a moment charged with anticipation and excitement, as it soars into the sky, a symbol of power and freedom, before returning to its handler’s arm.

The eagle is equipped with a specially designed hood and jesses (leather straps) that are both practical and symbolic. The falconer, too, wears distinct attire that signifies their role and status within the community.

Mongolian Traditional Dance

Distinctive in its movements and symbolism, Mongolian dance captures the essence of nomadic life, the rugged beauty of the landscape, and the deep-seated beliefs of its people:

Biylee is among the most iconic of Mongolian traditional dances. Originating from the various ethnic groups within Mongolia, including the Khalkha, Buryats, Oirats, and Tsaatan, Bii Biyelgee is deeply rooted in the nomadic lifestyle. Characterized by its use of the upper body, shoulders, and arms, the dance mimics the movements associated with daily tasks of nomadic life, such as riding horses, herding animals, and setting up a ger.
Another notable dance is the Tsam Dance, which is more than a performance; it’s a profound spiritual ceremony. Originating from Tibetan Buddhism, the Tsam Dance features masked dancers enacting various deities, demons, and legendary figures, telling stories of the fight between good and evil, and the path to enlightenment.
The Khuurchir accompanies performances of the Morin Khuur, the horse-head fiddle, a symbol of the Mongolian soul. This dance often illustrates themes of love for the homeland, respect for nature, and the valor of the Mongolian people. The movements are graceful and flowing, intended to harmonize with the haunting melodies of the Morin Khuur.

Mongolian Traditional Music

Mongolian traditional music, with its deep roots in the nomadic culture and the vast landscapes of the steppe, is a profound expression of the nation’s soul. It encompasses a variety of instruments, vocal styles, and compositions that reflect the Mongolian people’s close connection with nature, their history, and their spiritual beliefs.

Throat Singing: Khoomii, or throat singing, is a mesmerizing vocal technique allowing a singer to produce multiple pitches simultaneously. This unique style of singing is thought to mimic the sounds of nature, such as the flowing rivers, the whistling winds, or the calls of animals across the vast Mongolian landscape. Practitioners of Khöömii believe it to be a spiritual practice, connecting them deeply with the natural world. The technique requires precise control of the vocal cords and breathing, making it a skill that is honed over years of practice.
Long Song: The Long Song or Urtiin Duu is a traditional Mongolian vocal music form characterized by prolonged, melodic phrases. Each syllable of text can be extended over several pitches, creating a flowing and elaborate musical structure that reflects the expansive nature of the Mongolian landscape.

Mongolian music features a variety of traditional instruments, including the Morin Khuur (horse-head fiddle), Limbe (a transverse flute), the Yatga (a plucked zither), and the Bishguur (a double-reeded horn).

What to Eat in Mongolia

Traditional Mongolian food is hearty, with a focus on meat, dairy products, and simple ingredients that could withstand the nomadic way of life. Here’s a glimpse into what to eat when exploring Mongolia:

Airag: Often considered the national beverage of Mongolia, airag is fermented mare’s milk with a slight alcoholic content. It’s a summer staple, revered not just for its refreshing taste but also for its nutritional value and cultural significance.
Buuz: These steamed dumplings are a Mongolian favorite, especially during the Tsagaan Sar (Lunar New Year) celebrations. Filled with minced meat (usually mutton or beef), onion, garlic, and sometimes herbs, buuz are hearty and flavorful.
Khuushuur: Similar to buuz in terms of filling, khuushuur are fried instead of steamed, creating a crispy outer layer that encases the juicy meat inside.
Borts: Borts is air-dried meat, usually beef or mutton, that is thinly sliced and then dried in the cold winter air. This method of preservation allows nomadic families to store meat for long periods. When prepared, the borts is rehydrated and used in soups and stews, offering a rich, concentrated flavor.

Khorkhog: A traditional Mongolian barbecue, khorkhog is a true feast involving meat (often goat or mutton), vegetables, and hot stones. The ingredients are cooked together in a sealed container, with the hot stones transferring their heat to create a tender, flavorful dish that’s shared communally.
Aaruul: Dried curd cheese, known as aaruul, is another staple of Mongolian cuisine. Made by drying curdled milk in the sun, aaruul can vary in taste from sour to sweet, depending on its preparation. It’s a common snack, valued for its portability and long shelf life.

What is Mongolian Language like?

The Mongolian language, with its roots stretching deep into the steppes of Central Asia, is as dynamic and enduring as the people who speak it. Officially used in Mongolia and parts of Inner Mongolia in China, it belongs to the Mongolic language family, notable not just for its sounds and syntax but also for its historical journey through various scripts and its capacity to convey the nomadic spirit of its speakers.

Historically, Mongolian has been written in multiple scripts. The traditional Mongolian script, derived from the Uighur alphabet and introduced in the 13th century, is written vertically from top to bottom, mirroring Chinese influence yet uniquely adapted to the Mongolian language. Despite the introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet in the 20th century, which currently predominates in Mongolia, the traditional script has experienced a revival, symbolizing national pride and cultural heritage.

Mongolian’s phonetic system is distinguished by its vowel harmony, a feature common in Turkic languages, which affects the formation of words and grammatical structures, providing a rhythmic and cohesive sound to the language.

The vocabulary is deeply influenced by the nomadic lifestyle, with multiple words to describe livestock, nature, and family relations, reflecting the environment’s significance in Mongolian life.

Useful Mongolian Phrases for Travel

Mongolian	English
Sain baina uu?	Hello
Bayartai	Goodbye
Bayarlalaa	Thank you
Unekheer	Please
Tiim	Yes
Ugui	No
Bi tseverkhen khollokh	I'm vegetarian
Ta sain uu?	How are you?
Bi oilgosongui	I don't understand
Yoi yoi	Let's go

Traditional Festivals in Mongolia

Naadam Festival

The most famous Mongolian festival, Naadam, takes place annually from July 11th to 13th, commemorating the 1921 revolution when Mongolia declared itself a free country.

Naadam, also known as “the Three Manly Games,” features the traditional sports of wrestling, horse racing, and archery, which are considered a test of courage, strength, dexterity, and marksmanship.

The festival is celebrated nationwide, with the largest events in the capital, Ulaanbaatar. Naadam is a time for Mongolians to express their pride in their nomadic traditions and enjoy cultural performances, including music, dance, and art.

Ice Festival

The Ice Festival is a relatively new but increasingly popular event held on Lake Khövsgöl, Mongolia’s largest and deepest freshwater lake, in early March.

The festival celebrates the winter landscape of Mongolia and the culture of the northern regions, with activities such as ice skating, sleigh rides, ice sculpture contests, and traditional games.

Tsagaan Sar (White Moon)

Tsagaan Sar, the Mongolian Lunar New Year, is one of the most important traditional festivals, marking the end of winter and the beginning of spring.

Celebrated in either January or February, depending on the lunar calendar, Tsagaan Sar is a time for family reunions, renewal, and purification.

Families clean their homes, prepare special foods, and dress in traditional attire. The holiday is characterized by ceremonies of respect to elders, the exchange of gifts, and the sharing of a lavish meal that includes buuz, traditional pastries, and airag.

Customs & Etiquette in Mongolia

In Mongolia, where the nomadic lifestyle still flourishes alongside modern urban life, customs and etiquette, especially concerning ger living, are pivotal to understanding and respecting the local culture. For travelers venturing into the vast Mongolian landscapes and possibly staying with nomadic families, being aware of these practices can greatly enhance mutual respect and the overall experience. Here are key customs and etiquette to remember when staying with nomads in Mongolia:

Entering a Ger: Always ask for permission before entering a ger, and it’s customary to not step on the threshold when entering. Upon entering, proceed in a clockwise direction, which aligns with local spiritual practices.
Seating Arrangement: In a ger, the space is divided symbolically, with the west side (to your right upon entering) traditionally reserved for men and the east side for women. Guests are typically seated in the northern part of the ger, which is considered a place of honor. However, follow the host’s lead or guidance on where to sit.
Eating and Drinking: Accept food and drink with your right hand, the palm of your left hand supporting your right elbow as a sign of respect. It’s polite to accept even if you’re not hungry or thirsty; you can take a small sip or bite and return the item respectfully. If offered a bowl of airag or another beverage, it’s respectful to take a sip before handing it back.
Body Positioning: Avoid pointing your feet at the stove, altar, or your hosts, as feet are considered the lowest and dirtiest part of the body. Also, refrain from touching or passing anything over someone’s head, as the head is considered sacred in Mongolian culture. Avoid facing your back to the altar as well as this is considered disrespectful.
Behavior: Speak softly and avoid shouting, as gers carry sound very well. It’s also important to never lean against the support columns or the central supports of the ger, as these are symbolic of the family’s stability and strength. Show respect to elders first, greeting them and showing deference to their wisdom and experience.

Gifts: If you’re staying with a nomadic family, it’s a kind gesture to bring a small gift, such as food, school supplies for children, or something unique from your home country. Gifts are a way to express gratitude for the family’s hospitality.
Respect for the Fire: The fireplace or stove in the center of the ger is considered sacred, symbolizing warmth, family unity, and a connection to the spirits. It is crucial not to throw trash or anything impure into the fire.
Avoid Whistling: Whistling inside a ger is traditionally discouraged, as it is believed to invite evil spirits or bring bad luck to the household. Mongolian nomads hold a deep respect for the spiritual world, and whistling is thought to disturb the harmony between the physical and spiritual realms.
Door Etiquette: The door of the ger always faces south, and it’s important not to obstruct the doorway, as it is considered the portal through which good fortune enters. When sleeping or resting, avoid pointing your feet towards the door, as it’s seen as disrespectful.

Plan Your Trip to Mongolia | Best Travel Resources

Book Your Accommodations

Booking.com – the world’s leading online booking platform for accomodations around the world, they have an extensive amount of available listings with zero booking fees and best price guarantees.
Hostelworld – a backpacker’s best friend, Hostelworld has the largest collection of hostels and guesthouses for affordable prices.

Don’t Forget Insurance

SafetyWing – from Nomad Insurance, an insurance by nomads for nomads. They understand our lifestyle well and have really comprehensive and flexible plans that cater to any traveler.

Find Cheap Flights

Kiwi.com – my go-to for booking and finding the cheapest flights and it’s helped me save tons of money. They do virtual interlining which is connecting flights from airlines that do not codeshare, so you can find routes that you wouldn’t be able to find normally.

Join Tours & Activities

GetYourGuide – is one of the best places to find unique tours and activities. I found that it’s an excellent way to meet fellow travelers and create fond memories. They are not only limited to tours as they also offer niche services such as skip-the-line tickets or private transfers.

Catch a Ride

Rentalcars.com – nothing beats the freedom of the road, Rentalcars.com is the world’s largest online car rental service. They operate across 160 countries so they’re the perfect partner to work with if you find yourself wanting a ride.