The Matryoshka Doll.
Often referred to as a Russian nesting doll, it’s a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside another.
The term “Matryoshka” comes from a Russian word derived from “Matryona,” a popular female name during the time of the doll’s creation. Each set typically consists of a mother, symbolized by the largest doll, with multiple smaller dolls inside, representing her children.
The cultural significance of the Matryoshka Doll extends far beyond its role as a popular souvenir. It embodies the Russian folk art tradition, showcasing the Russian familial structure, symbolizing the close-knit and multi-generational families common in Russian culture.
In this article find out about the origin, meanings and hidden symbolisms as we open up each layer of this iconic doll.
Origin of the Matryoshka Doll
The Matryoshka Doll originated at the end of the 19th century. Its inception is often attributed to Savva Mamontov, a patron of the arts, who established a workshop called “Children’s Education” in the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow.
The first Matryoshka set was created in 1890 by Vasily Zvyozdochkin, a craftsman, and painted by Sergey Malyutin, an artist. These dolls were inspired by a set of Japanese wooden dolls representing the Seven Lucky Gods, which Mamontov’s wife brought from a trip to the Far East.
The Russian version adapted this concept, transforming it into a more familial and folksy representation.
The intricate designs and patterns draw inspiration from traditional Russian art forms such as Khokhloma and Gzhel, incorporating elements like floral motifs and vibrant colors.
Making a Matryoshka Doll
Matryoshka Dolls are traditionally crafted from wood, primarily using lime, birch, alder, or aspen, known for their softness and ease of carving. Here’s how the process goes:
- The wood is first seasoned, often for several years, to ensure durability and prevent cracking. The crafting process begins with the largest doll and proceeds to the smaller ones, each meticulously hollowed out to nest the next doll inside.
- The dolls are turned on a lathe, requiring skilled craftsmanship to achieve uniformity and precision.
- After the carving, the dolls are sanded smooth and coated with a layer of starch-based glue, which acts as a primer.
- They are then hand-painted with vibrant, oil or tempera paints and often embellished with intricate details.
- Finally, a glossy lacquer is applied to protect the paint and add a lustrous finish.
Traditional designs often feature female figures dressed in sarafans (a type of traditional Russian peasant dress) with floral motifs, rosy cheeks, and headscarves. Some regions in Russia are known for specific styles; for example, Sergiev Posad is renowned for classic designs, whereas Semenov is famous for its floral patterns and bright colors.
Meaning of the Matryoshka Doll
Motherhood
The largest doll, often viewed as the mother figure, encompasses all the smaller dolls, reflecting the traditional role of the mother as the protector and nurturer of the family. This representation is further emphasized by her position as the outermost doll, symbolizing her encompassing care.
Fertility
In terms of fertility, the presence of multiple dolls nested within the mother doll signifies childbearing and the continuation of the family line. The decreasing sizes of the dolls symbolize the lineage from ancestors to current and future generations, emphasizing the continuity of life.
Femininity
The round, robust shape of the Matryoshka Dolls is seen as a representation of the female form, particularly in its pregnant state. This shape celebrates the beauty and strength of the female body in creating life. The painted faces, with serene and gentle expressions, reflect the idealized qualities of motherhood – kindness, patience, and wisdom.
Family
The design of the dolls, where each smaller doll fits within a larger one, serves as a metaphor for a family, where individuals are connected and protected within the larger family structure.
This unity is visually represented by the way the dolls nest inside each other. Just as the dolls fit together seamlessly, it suggests how family members, despite their individual differences, come together to form a cohesive unit.
The nesting feature also implies that no matter how far the members may venture, they always have a place within the family, symbolizing a bond that is enduring and unbreakable.
Symbolism of the Matryoshka Doll
The Cycle of Life
Journey of the Soul
From a metaphysical point of view, the Matryoshka Dolls also present a metaphor for the layers of the human soul.
The hidden nature of the smaller dolls, encased within the larger ones, symbolizes the multifaceted aspects of our being, ranging from the outer, everyday persona to the innermost, often concealed, parts of our spirit (the shadow). This representation resonates with spiritual traditions that view self-discovery and enlightenment as a journey of uncovering these deeper layers to reach the core essence of oneself.
The act of opening each doll to reveal another smaller one inside can be seen as a symbolic journey of self-discovery. It reflects the spiritual process of exploring and understanding the various dimensions of one’s identity, beliefs, and experiences.
This process of revelation and discovery is a critical aspect of many spiritual paths, where finding one’s true self is akin to peeling back layers to reveal the inner core.
Interconnectedness of Life
Additionally, the interconnectedness of the dolls, where one contains all the others, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. This idea reflects a spiritual belief in a fundamental unity underlying all existence, where each individual, like each doll, is part of a larger, intricate whole.
Worlds Within Worlds
The symbolism of “worlds within worlds” captures an intricate concept deeply rooted in philosophical thought. The very structure of these dolls, where each smaller doll resides within a larger one, is a physical manifestation of this idea.
This idea reflects the notion that within each layer of reality, there is a deeper, more intricate layer waiting to be discovered. Much like peeling an onion, each layer of the Matryoshka Doll reveals another, smaller yet complete world within. This can be seen as a metaphor for the complexity and depth of the universe, life, and even individual human experience.
In a philosophical context, this concept resonates with the idea that what we perceive as reality is just one level of a much larger and more complex cosmos.
Each doll, representing a microcosm, suggests that within each individual, there are multiple layers of existence, each with its own unique characteristics and truths.
2 Responses
Thank you very much for this fine article! I, as a Russian, deeply impressed with how many meanings you were able to find in matryoshka’s concept!
A little bit of context: although considered a “folk culture” by some (great that you traces it’s true origin actually, never knew that!), this craft is a very recent one and been brought to life due to an end of XIX – beginning of XX century obsession for “old Russian culture” in Russian Empire. Peasants and simple folk were not having such dolls till late Soviet years, and if they did it was again just a fashion thing for some pseudo-Russian culture
Sadly enough, communists almost completely destroyed true peasant culture during 1920-1930ss, and all that’s left are these kinds of reimagined concepts. In the same row with balalaika, drinking vodka and ushanka hat😅
But since it became a popular modern Russian cultural symbol, I am still happy to see it raises some interest 🙂
Hi Nikita,
Thank you very much for your amazing comment! I didn’t know that there was such an interesting background behind the Matryoshka dolls, your insights are much appreciated!